why do russian prisoners wear headscarves

Fashion houses including Louis Vuitton and Jacquemus have debuted head coverings with modern takes on classic patterns. Essentially, they are silk scarves with printed patterns. In these regions, the role of FSIN is particularly significant. Here's the headscarf from Pavlovsky Posad. Vory v zakone ( , literally: thieves in law which in free translation means criminals of honour) are at the top of this hierarchy. Most recent amendments to the penal code have toughened the penalties, This is why the fate of the accused is decided by prosecutors during their investigations. The most popular scarf in Russia is made not far from Moscow in the town of Pavlovsky Posad, where the first factory opened at the end of the 18th century. (for example, people persecuted following the protests in Bolotnaya Square in Moscow in 2011 and 2012), as well as lawyers and journalists. Initially , even in pagan times in Russia, women covered head in order to save themselves from the cold in a harsh climate . According to data compiled by the FSIN, up to a third of deaths in prisons are caused by AIDS. The Keffiyeh is commonly used by Muslim men. However, this inefficiency is not a problem for the government because in Russia the prison system is mainly a part of the machine used for exerting control over society and ensuring the stability of the system of power. The officers receive room, board and other benefits offered to employees of uniformed services (including easier access to health care and the opportunity to take part in the beauty contest knows as Miss FSIN). The geographical location of penal colonies is linked to the concept of economic development adopted back in Soviet times, when prisoners were used as forced labour, such as during the construction of large-scale investments carried out by the Soviet state including the White SeaBaltic Canal and the BaikalAmur Mainline (BAM), as well as in forestry in harsh weather conditions in Karelia, for instance. In recent years, the most appalling cases reported by the media included the torture of Yevgeny Makarov in penal colony no. Here are the most famous ones. The Russian Prison Dog is a serious guardian breed that found its origin from the Caucasus mountain region. The lace, which resembles the patterns made by frost crystals on a window, looks both elegant and unique. Political systems, geography and ethnicity also play a crucial role in how and if women choose to cover their heads. Foreign women are not required to wear a headscarf in the country, unlike in Iran. "The headscarf helps to control that.". As a consequence, due to tough competition in many locations it not easy to find employment in the prison system. During his annual press conference on 20 December 2018, President Putin confirmed that there are no plans to reform the prison system. Vologda is famous for its bobbin lace. Even today, the largest number of penal colonies is located in regions that are rich in natural resources (mainly forests), such as Krasnoyarsk Krai and Perm Krai, or in highly industrialised ones, such as Sverdlovsk Oblast, Kemerovo Oblast and Primorsky Krai. This kind of weaving first developed in Ossetia in the late 19th century and remains to this day. After the Baptism of Russia, when Orthodoxy became the main religion, covering head for women were considered an integral part of women's outfit . The popularity of prison culture is reflected, for example, in the presence of practices typical of prison life and the criminal world in Russian politics and business, as well as in politicians using expressions derived from prison slang and prison songs in their official statements. There are regions in the Republic of Mordovia, the Komi Republic and Chuvashia, where work performed by prisoners and individuals employed by the FSIN accounts for a major portion of the local labour market[7]. Over 467000 individuals are incarcerated in Russias prisons. Due to their remote location and inaccessibility, these colonies are less frequently inspected by external bodies and the control mechanisms are weak. The employees of Rus Sidyashchaya, which offers help to prisoners and their families, include individuals who used to be prisoners themselves (for example, people persecuted following the protests in Bolotnaya Square in Moscow in 2011 and 2012), as well as lawyers and journalists. ?, https://meduza.io/feature/2018/12/14/vizhu-novosti-pro-istoricheskiy-minimum-zaklyuchennyh-v-rossii-eto-iz-za-zakona-den-za-poltora-kolonii-massovo-zakryvayut, [3] . , , www.kipkr.fsin.su/upload/territory/Kipkr/mtb/ .pdfa, [5] Cf . , . , . , , , 15 March 2017, https://www.rbc.ru/newspaper/2017/03/15/58c702399a79473b36f47d9c, [6] . While an ordinary kaz scarf has a fringe sewn on at one end, the wedding scarf has fringes on both ends. Headscarves, Modesty, and Modern Orthodoxy, David Bentley Hart, Cultural Context, and Exegesis, http://www.bible-researcher.com/headcoverings.html, http://www.bible-researcher.com/headcoverings3.html, https://theheavenlyhearth.com/2018/11/24/addressing-assumptions-about-headcovering-a-response-to-katherine-kelaidis/, The Christian Old Testament: Looking at the Hebrew Scriptures through Christian Eyes, One Flesh: Salvation through Marriage in the Orthodox Church, Following Egeria: a Visit to the Holy Land through Time and Space, The Empty Throne: Reflection on the History and Future of the Orthodox Episcopate. Read about our approach to external linking. If using any of Russia Beyond's content, partly or in full, always provide an active hyperlink to the original material. The Swedish government should have requested that female members of the delegation should not have been required to wear a headscarf, he said, and that if the request were not granted any trade agreements should have been signed in Sweden or a third country. They form a group that has its separate informal code of conduct (including a ban on disclosing the rules of prison life and details about the criminal world) and elects its own informal leader. Brides often adorn a modern wedding dress with a traditional wedding scarf, which is called a lumkitab-kaz and has a different fringe. i mean sometimes the old grandmothers want the younger women to wear scarves on their head? In total, there are 869 such colonies of various regimes scattered across Russia, eight prisons and 315 remand centres. Amnesty International emphasises that repression and persecution of human rights defenders, restrictions on freedom of expression, cultural freedoms and minority rights are particularly common, Large-scale human rights violations in prisons and the absence of effective mechanisms in state institutions to counteract this phenomenon have become a catalyst for Russian societys self-organisation. The most well-known example of this was the statement by Vladimir Putin in which he justified the Russian air raids on Grozny, which marked the beginning of the war in Chechnya in 1999, using words derived from criminal slang he said that he will waste the terrorists in the outhouse. As far as the reasons for imprisonment are concerned, the largest group of prisoners are criminal prisoners, most of whom were convicted for murder (27.8% of inmates). 3. A social movement and a number of non-governmental organisations have formed around the issue of defence of prisoners rights. In recent years, it has become increasingly popular, Most often, prisoner transport is organised in special windowless railroad carriages known as Stolypin cars, in which prisoners in groups of ten are transported in compartments measuring 3.4 m, The conditions in which the prisoners serve their sentences depend on the type of the specific penal colony. Orenburg down-hair shawl. Scarves and shawls embroidered in Torzhok have always been considered desirable presents. Large-scale human rights violations in prisons and the absence of effective mechanisms in state institutions to counteract this phenomenon have become a catalyst for Russian societys self-organisation. Most contracts under which prisoner labour is used cover the production of clothes, textiles and foodstuffs, as well as the execution of construction works. Prison culture norms observed in Russias remand centres and penal colonies date back to Soviet times and are also valid in most of the republics of the former USSR. At the same time, it impacts the process of how shared norms and values are being formed in Russian society, in connection with societys frequent contact with the so-called prison culture. In the least strict penal colonies, the so-called colonies-settlements, the inmates can freely move around the facility, they are usually housed in large barracks, can leave the colony on a pass quite frequently, meet with their relatives and wear civilian clothing. The supervisors of penal colonies value their peace of mind (which is guaranteed when there are no protests and complaints to the public prosecutors office). The first reason is as a way of showing respect for the sanctity of the building into which they are entering. The headscarf has always figured prominently in traditional womens clothing in Russia and remains a fashionable accessory today, especially in cold weather. These days, a headpiece like this will go well with a pin-up and a sport-chic look while protecting the wearer's head from the bright sun outdoors. Even then, she should cover her hair with a shawl or scarf. These days, it is one of the most popular ways of wearing a headscarf with fur or sheepskin coats in the winter. As a consequence, prison overcrowding decreased only marginally and there has been no evident improvement in prison conditions. [20] . , , https://csr.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/20171017_Report-Prisons.pdf, p. 22. The versatile fabric has been chosen by and impressed upon people for political, religious and practical purposes for centuries. Herms debuted its first scarf in 1937, with an elaborate woodblock design on imported Chinese silk. Moreover, the shawls are knitted either entirely by hand, just like they were 300 years ago, or sometimes partially by hand with certain designs executed on a knitting machine. The scarf is placed on the head, its ends crossed under the chin, tied around the necks and tucked under the collar. In contemporary Russia, political trials are among the basic tools the government uses to tackle political opposition. But a great variety of scarves were produced in Russia as well. Another important factor that impacts on prison conditions is the policy of the local FSIN officials and of the governor of the specific prison. This small historic city in the Tver Region is famous for the ancient art of gold embroidery. [21] . , . , . , , , 14 March 2017, https://www.rbc.ru/newspaper/2017/03/15/58c702399a79473b36f47d9c, [22] 50 , 18 October 2016, https://rns.online/economy/FSIN-otsenil-godovie-dohodi-ot-proizvodstva-v-tyurmah-v-50-mlrd-rublei--2016-10-18/. Understanding the dress codes of Orthodox Jewish women and their diverse interpretations, In the 1970s, the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, a group of Argentine women. Additionally, women were not allowed to enter a church without a headscarf. Despite the decline in the number of prisoners, the number of FSIN employees has not decreased significantly since its establishment in 1998. Masih Alinejad, an Iranian journalist and activist, posted an image of Swedish Deputy Prime Minister Isabella Lovin signing a climate bill surrounded by female colleagues earlier this month next to one of several female Swedish government officials wearing headscarves and greeting Mr Rouhani. I ask because I read of this practice a few weeks ago, is there a deeper or older meaning than protection from cold? What science tells us about the afterlife. The evolution of the bikini in the Soviet Union (PHOTOS), Women all over the world are having Russian lips done (PHOTOS+VIDEOS), Lukoshko and tuesok: Old-style Russian bags are back in fashion again. The absence of supervision of what happens in prisons by independent institutions aggravates the repressive nature of the system as a whole and affords new opportunities for using it as a tool of political repression[32]. Vory v zakone ( , literally: thieves in law which in free translation means criminals of honour) are at the top of this hierarchy. All this enables FSIN officials to sell a portion of the manufactured goods in the grey market. As early as the 1910s French fashion houses were dreaming up designs that included colorful, embellished scarves on the head. Why do old Russian women wear headscarves? (Please note: I am not worn in public that it can therefore function as a sign of respect in the church building. Previously, this was how married women wore their headscarves to indicate their marital status. Even today, the largest number of penal colonies is located in regions that are rich in natural resources (mainly forests), such as Krasnoyarsk Krai and Perm Krai, or in highly industrialised ones, such as Sverdlovsk Oblast, Kemerovo Oblast and Primorsky Krai. According to data compiled by the FSIN, up to a third of deaths in prisons are caused by AIDS. The headscarf was born out of necessity, with wearers across Mesopotamian societies using linens to safeguard their heads from the rain and sun, as well as aid in sanitation. Matrosskaya Tishina Prison. Most of these violations were incidents where physical coercion was used in rooms with no CCTV monitoring. Due to overcrowding, in most colonies the required standard of two square meters of space per inmate, which is stipulated in Russian law, is usually not met. "There's a reason why the (head)scarf has transcended time," said Lynn Roberts, vice president of advertising and public relations at fashion outfitter Echo Design Group, over the phone from New York City. For more information, please see our A frequently selected career path involves enrolling at a school run by the FSIN, in which students are offered special training for prospective prison system employees from an early age (in some locations the FSIN even runs primary schools). Read about our approach to external linking. The Federal Penitentiary Service is a powerful financial machine. Romanova has reported on situations whereby these criminals permanently occupied special rooms intended for longer visits and were issued bogus health certificates confirming their disability, in order to be transferred to an upgraded cell or a prison hospital. This makes the FSIN a unique state within a state. The Republic of Mordovia is a special case, because it hosts a large number of penal colonies within a relatively small territory. "The law shows that there was a lot of anxiety around Black people styling their bodies. Most Russian penal colonies and prisons were built back in Stalinist times. 2023 BBC. They are a . According to data compiled by the Memorial Human Rights Centre, in 2018 195 political and religious prisoners were incarcerated in Russian prisons[27]. Reflection Muslims culture It has also been caused by demographic changes in Russian society: depopulation and an ageing population . Recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of political prisoners, which was mainly connected with the annexation of Crimea and the Russian-Ukrainian war a large number of Crimean Tatars and Ukrainians accused of extremism have recently been incarcerated in remand centres and penal colonies on political charges. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. ". Hollywood starlets including Anna Mae Wong and Evelyn Brent were captured on and off the screen with sophisticated silk wraps or more bohemian scarves that were worn wide across their foreheads. The thinner the thread used by the craftsman and the more intricate the pattern, the higher the price. The image of Ms Lovin was widely seen as mocking a picture of Donald Trump signing an anti-abortion executive order surrounded by male aides and advisers. Silent film actress Anna May Wong was known for her taste in headscarves. These women are confined to stereotypes to the extent that no one notices that many of them are well-educated and confident members of society and the workforce. The FSIN operates as a unique state within a state with no supervision mechanisms, but with a separate health care service, transportation system, education system, a unique system of trading in goods characterised by widespread corruption, and the primacy of informal rules and hierarchies over formal ones. Even though some proponents of the hijab ban have been described as supporters of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), women with favorable attitudes toward India's ruling party are actually more inclined to wear head coverings in public than women who do not favor the governing party. Disclaimer: RussianBest.com is an informational website, and its content does not constitute professional advice of any kind. When asked about the possible reform of the FSIN in connection with the reports on prisoners being tortured, he answered that it would be necessary to make the prison system more efficient but that no thorough changes are needed. Whereas Griner lived in a cell at her pre-trial detention center. Organisations involved in defending prisoners rights and criticising the actions of the states law enforcement agencies operate under constant pressure and are aware that they may become subject to inspections and repressions at any time (this is why Olga Romanova, the leader of Rus Sidyashchaya, had to leave the country). Hijab, niqab, burka - there are lots of different kinds of coverings worn by Muslim women all over the world. Ms Linde said she would not wear one during an upcoming visit to Saudi Arabia. The protest ended in a fiasco despite the fact that it was a blot on the image of the Russian leadership during the World Cup and contributed to several world leaders boycotting the tournament. In terms of the number of prisoners per 100,000 inhabitants, Russia is ranked first in Europe and 17th globally[1]. A headscarf tied under the chin, as famously worn by the girl on the Alenka chocolate bar, is usually worn by young women. This is how young women usually wear a headscarf to church without tying it too hard. Send me an email notification when someone replies to my comment, http://www.bbcmotiongallery.com/gallery/clip/1B06326_0006.do. It has been favored by revolutionaries and royalty alike. A similar proportion of prisoners are serving their sentences for drug dealing (25%), The Russian penitentiary system is organised in a different manner to corresponding penal systems in most countries: instead of cells in prisons the inmates are housed in barracks in penal colonies. In exchange for this, the penal colony supervisors offer them access to banned substances such as alcohol and drugs, as well as to mobile phones, and turn a blind eye to other violations of prison rules. Headscarves, Modesty, and Modern Orthodoxy. Get the week's best stories straight to your inbox. Criminal trials are also used as a tool in the rivalry between specific power-holding groups for influence in the Kremlin. Machine knitting makes a scarf less refined. Why can Russia not admit that the real reason for invading Ukraine is to prevent revolution in Russia when a flourishing westernized modern democratic ukrainian government proves that Russian Putlerocracy is a complete failure? This code sets the rules of prison life, including the standards of addressing guards and fellow prisoners, the rules regarding tattoos, and other detailed requirements, such as the ban on using the colour red in prison. In most prisons, informal rules prevail over the official code of conduct. Another manifestation of the unique nature of the Russian prison system is the presence of its informal code of behaviours and customs. The present number of inmates in Russias prisons is among the lowest in the countrys history and has been gradually declining over recent years. "Earlier, jingly jewellery was attached to girls' braids. The consequences of wearing the scarf illegally were public humiliation or arrest. Headscarves were forbidden to women of the lower classes and prostitutes. Pavlovsky Posad shawls have very bright and easily recognizable patterns: huge roses and dahlias on a red, black or white background that flower from the corners of a woolen fabric. , , 9 August 2018, https://meduza.io/feature/2018/08/09/vse-soobscheniya-o-pytkah-etogo-goda-v-odnoy-tablitse-ih-uzhe-bolshe-polusotni, [15] : , , 12 , , 24 October 2018, https://grani-ru-org.appspot.com/Society/Law/m.273470.html, [16] 168 168 , , 12 October 2018, https://www.interfax.ru/russia/633116, [17] . , , , 12 May 2015, https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2015/05/12/64098-s-chego-nachinaetsya-bunt, [18] -6 , Zona Media, 7-11 October 2018, https://zona.media/chronicle/ik6#21125. Russian patterns: Pavlovsky Posad Shawls are still in trend, Russian handicrafts: Why Vologda lace is back in style, 5 Russian ways of wearing a headscarf (and not looking like a babushka). Your email address will not be published. He offered bribes to prison guards, which enabled him to use rooms intended for staff only, order caviar to his cell, made shashliks and used private health care, Most Russian penal colonies and prisons were built back in Stalinist times. At the time, all women were expected to cover their hair in daily life, and only close relatives were allowed to see them without any headwear. . The Republic of Mordovia is a special case, because it hosts a large number of penal colonies within a relatively small territory. Which is better Absolut, Stolichnaya, or Smirnoff vodka? In 2018, organizers staged a protest in France after a mother was banned from a school trip for wearing a hijab. In Soviet times, a headscarf tied under the chin was actually part of the standard uniform for women working in factories and on collective farms since health and safety rules required that hair be covered. Due to the repressive approach of the Russian law enforcement agencies and courts, the number of prisoners in Russia decreased at a slower pace than the crime rate did[6]. This extended system is used as a tool for exercising control over society and solidifying the system of power. During World War II, the headscarf returned to its utilitarian origins as women took up new postings in factories. The main designs are flower motifs and plant symbols, but often the scarves feature fishes and birds. , , 11 March 2018, https://ria.ru/20180311/1515928668.html, [25] Numerous accounts published for example on http://antipytki.ru/, [26] A report by Amnesty International, Russian Federation 2017/2018, https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/russian-federation/report-russian-federation/, [27] Memorial Publishes Lists of Political Prisoners in Russia, 30 October 2018, https://memohrc.org/en/news_old/memorial-publishes-lists-political-prisoners-russia, [28] 1, , 20 August 2018, https://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2018/08/20/n_11927161.shtml, [29] . , ? Human rights organisations point to the large number of politically-motivated criminal trials in Russia. Other factors include the closing of a significant number of penal colonies with the least strict regime (over the last eight years almost a quarter of the total number of such colonies were closed down)[2]. The reason behind the high number of prisoners in Russia is the repressive nature of the Russian judiciary as a whole. Most recent amendments to the penal code have toughened the penalties[4]. The new world of hipster and heavy metal hijabis, Historic ocean treaty agreed after decade of talks, China looks at reforms to deepen Xi's control, Inside the enclave surrounded by pro-Russia forces, 'The nurses wanted me to feel guilty about my abortion, From Afghan TV fame to a US factory floor. A decade ago, the number of prisoners in Russia was almost double the present figure (893,000 in 2008). Among the most alarming statistics regarding the Russian prison system is the high rate of recidivism. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Despite this, over the last couple of years the mortality rate among Russias prisoners has declined[12]. Historians believe that this way of wearing headscarves came from Germany but became so Russified that is now considered to be traditionally Russian. ; HRW 16 Nov. 2005), parliamentarians and others working on state premises (ibid.). Some of those styles appeal to fashionistas even today. Unmarried women wear shawls with small patterns depicting flowers or feathers and short fringes, while married women have large patterns and long fringes on their shawls. In different regions of Dagestan this scarf has different names and is variously called gumeldi, gulmendo, gormendo, kalgai (the old name of a type of silk) and kelagai. In 1786, Louisiana legislators enacted the Tignon Laws, requiring Black and mixed-race women to wrap their heads in cloth. The same applies to the so-called transfer stage, or the time during which the convict is being transported to their penal colony (in Russian: etap). At present, over 467,000 individuals are incarcerated in Russias prisons. In most prisons, the state of repair and the overcrowding make it difficult for the inmates to maintain basic hygiene. It has increased over recent years, However, this inefficiency is not a problem for the government because in Russia the prison system is mainly a part of the machine used for exerting control over society and ensuring the stability of the system of power. Orthodox Jewish women visit the Israel Museum in Jerusalem in 2012. The unique nature of the Russian prison system mainly results from the presence of an informal code of behaviours and customs observed in prisons. But Ms Linde told the Aftonbladet newspaper that she was not willing to break Iranian law. This leads to regular outbreaks of epidemics. Their versatility all has to do with the local breed of goat whose down is extremely fine while also being strong. "It is ruinous to what is called a feminist foreign policy" said Liberal party chief Jan Bjorklund, who said Iran oppressed women through legislation. The Russian penitentiary system is organised in a different manner to corresponding penal systems in most countries: instead of cells in prisons the inmates are housed in barracks in penal colonies.

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